What characterized the international naval conferences in London during the early 20th century?

The international naval conferences in London during the early 20th century were characterized by agreements concerning the limitations on the number of naval vessels and regulations governing rules of engagement among naval forces. These conferences, notably held in 1909 and 1930, aimed to address issues stemming from naval arms races and the escalating tensions between major powers, especially in the context of imperial competition and military strategy.

During these meetings, significant powers, including the UK, the USA, Japan, France, and Italy, negotiated terms that resulted in agreements to limit battleship production and establish specific ratios for naval strength. Such decisions were crucial in the efforts to stabilize international relations and prevent conflict through military escalation.

The other options do not capture the essence of these conferences accurately. While disarmament was a concern, it was not the sole focus, nor were only European powers involved; important non-European countries played significant roles as well. Additionally, these conferences took place prior to the establishment of the League of Nations, meaning they were not conducted under its auspices.